Procesamiento de estímulos novedosos como terapia de remediación cognitiva en pacientes con trastorno alimentario / Processing of novel stimuli as cognitive remediation therapy in patients with eating disorder

Resumen Estudios previos han indicado la utilidad de la terapia de remediación cognitiva (TRC) en pacientes con trastornos de conducta alimentaria (TCA). El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar una nueva técnica de innovación cognitiva llamada "Con la cabeza en las nubes" (CCN). Participaron 22 mujeres con TCA (13 con anorexia nerviosa y 9 con bulimia nerviosa), de entre 14 y 29 años de edad (M = 19.0, DE = 3.4), quienes completaron las seis sesiones grupales de que consta dicha técnica. Bajo un diseño pre-post intervención, las participantes fueron evaluadas en cuanto a: funciones viso-constructivas (Copia de la Figura Compleja de Rey-Osterrieth [CFCR]), pensamiento creativo (Test de Pensamiento Creativo de Torrance [TPCT]), flexibilidad cognitiva (CFCR y TPCT) y control cognitivo (Test de Stroop). La intervención generó una mejora en distintos dominios cognitivos, como son: mayor coherencia global, pensamiento creativo y resistencia al cierre, así como menor fragmentación. Basada en la TRC, encaminada a estimular el procesamiento novedoso de estímulos visuales, la técnica CCN mostró mejorar algunos de los procesos cognitivos implicados en la generación de los síntomas de pacientes con TCA.

Abstract Previous studies have shown the usefulness of cognitive remediation therapy (CRT) in patients with eating disorders (ED). The objective of this study was to assess a new cognitive technique called "With the head in the clouds" (WHC). A total of 22 women with ED (13 with anorexia nervosa and nine with bulimia nervosa), between 14 and 29 years (M = 19.0, SD = 3.4), completed the six group sessions of this technique. Under a design pre-post intervention, participants were assessed in: visuo-constructive functions (Copy of the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure [CRCF]), creative thinking (Torrance Creative Thinking Test [TCTT]), cognitive flexibility (CRCF and TCTT), and cognitive control (Stroop Test). The intervention improved different cognitive domains, such as: greater global coherence, creative thinking and resistance to closure, as well as less fragmentation. Based on CRT, aimed at stimulating the new processing of visual stimuli, the technique WHC showed an improvement in some of the cognitive processes involved in the onset of symptoms in patients with ED.

Factores asociados con el declive cognitivo en población menor de 65 años. Una revisión sistemática / Factors Associated with Cognitive Decline in a Population Less than 65 Years Old. A Systematic Review

Introducción: Se ha señalado antes del diagna que el deterioro cognitivo comienza 20 años antes del diagnóstico de la demencia. Además de la edad, diversos factores médicos, socioeconómicos y conductuales pueden estar asociados al declive cognitivo. El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática es resumir la evidencia de factores de riesgo o protectores relacionados con el declive cognitivo en población menor de 65 años. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática mediante una estrategia de búsqueda en bases de datos MEDLINE y Embase, incluyendo estudios con diseño longitudinal que analizaran el efecto de factores protectores o de riesgo en el declive cognitivo de población adulta menor de 65 años. Resultados: Se incluyeron 22 estudios en la presente revisión. Factores como diabetes mellitus, hiperinsulinemia, sobrepeso u obesidad, síndrome metabólico, nivel educativo, actividad física, estimulación cognitiva, estado civil y calidad de la dieta podrían estar relacionados con el declive cognitivo antes de los 65 años. Conclusiones: Factores de riesgo cardiovasculares y de estilos de vida pueden estar asociados al declive cognitivo en menores de 65 años. Sin embargo, la calidad de la evidencia es baja.

Introduction: Cognitive decline could begin 20 years before the diagnosis of dementia. Besides age, several factors related to medical, socioeconomic, and behavioral and genetic condition may be associated with cognitive decline. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize evidence on the risk and protective factors for cognitive decline in people under 65 years old. Methods: A systematic review was conducted using a search strategy in MEDLINE and Embase, including longitudinal studies to analyze the effect of protective or risk factors on cognitive decline in a population under 65 years old. Results: A total of 22 studies were included in this review. Factors such as diabetes, hyperinsulinemia, overweight or obesity, metabolic syndrome, education, physical activity, cognitive stimulation, marital status and diet, could be related to cognitive decline before 65 years of age. Conclusions: Cardiovascular risk factors and lifestyle conditions may be associated with cognitive decline before 65 years of age. However, the quality of the evidence was low.

[Factors Associated with Cognitive Decline in a Population Less than 65 Years Old. A Systematic Review]. / Factores asociados con el declive cognitivo en población menor de 65 años. Una revisión sistemática.

INTRODUCTION: Cognitive decline could begin 20 years before the diagnosis of dementia. Besides age, several factors related to medical, socioeconomic, and behavioral and genetic condition may be associated with cognitive decline. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize evidence on the risk and protective factors for cognitive decline in people under 65 years old. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted using a search strategy in MEDLINE and Embase, including longitudinal studies to analyze the effect of protective or risk factors on cognitive decline in a population under 65 years old. RESULTS: A total of 22 studies were included in this review. Factors such as diabetes, hyperinsulinemia, overweight or obesity, metabolic syndrome, education, physical activity, cognitive stimulation, marital status and diet, could be related to cognitive decline before 65 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiovascular risk factors and lifestyle conditions may be associated with cognitive decline before 65 years of age. However, the quality of the evidence was low.